# UNIT 5 – THE WORLD OF WORK ### Part A: Vocabulary **1. work** (n./v.) /wɜːk/ - at work $\neq$ off work: đang làm việc $\neq$ nghỉ làm - out of work = unemployed = between jobs: thất nghiệp *He's been out of work since the factory closed.* - a work of art: một tác phẩm nghệ thuật - workforce: lực lượng lao động - workload: khối lượng công việc - $^{1}$ **casual** worker: lao động thời vụ $\rightarrow$ **worker** (n.) /ˈwɜːkə(r)/: công nhân, người lao động $\rightarrow$ **workable** (adj.) /ˈwɜːkəbl/: khả thi, có thể thực hiện được $\rightarrow$ $^{2}$ **workaholic** (n.) /ˌwɜːkəˈhɒlɪk/: người nghiện công việc - to work as + job: làm nghề (gì) *Jack started to work as an interpreter after graduation.* - many hands make $^{3}$ **light** work (idiom): đông tay thì vỗ nên kêu - to work on a night $^{4}$ **shift**: làm ca đêm *Mary usually works on a night shift at weekends.* - to work $^{5}$ **unsocial** hours: làm việc ngoài giờ hành chính (giờ giấc bất thường) - to work flexi-time: làm việc giờ giấc linh hoạt vs. to work 9-to-5: làm việc giờ hành chính - to work overtime: làm thêm giờ / tăng ca - part-time work / employment: việc làm bán thời gian vs. a part-time $^{6}$ **job** - $^{7}$ **on-the-job** training: đào tạo tại nơi làm việc / đào tạo thực tế - $^{8}$ **vocational** education: giáo dục hướng nghiệp **2. apply** (v.) /əˈplaɪ/ for (a job/position): nộp đơn (cho vị trí công việc) - apply (v.) to (a company/school/institution): nộp đơn (đến công ty/trường) $\rightarrow$ **application** (n.) /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/: việc nộp đơn - to fill in/out an application form: điền vào đơn xin việc $\rightarrow$ **applicant** (n.) /ˈæplɪkənt/: ứng viên ~ candidate (n.) /ˈkændɪdət/ **3. regulation** (n.) /ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/: quy định ~ $^{9}$ **rule** (n.) /ruːl/: luật lệ - to comply $^{10}$ **with** $><$ violate regulations: tuân thủ $><$ vi phạm quy định $\rightarrow$ **regulate** (v.) /ˈreɡjuleɪt/: kiểm soát, quản lý ~ $^{11}$ **supervise** /ˈsuːpəvaɪz/ *The central bank was established to regulate the financial industry.* $\rightarrow$ **regulator** (n.) /ˈreɡjuleɪtə(r)/: cá nhân/ cơ quan quản lý **4. responsibility** (n.) /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/: trách nhiệm, nghĩa vụ = duty (n.) - to $^{12}$ **take** on/ $^{13}$ **shoulder** / $^{14}$ **assume** responsibility: nhận/ gánh vác trách nhiệm - take $^{15}$ **charge** of sth: phụ trách, quản lý cho công việc gì - to allocate/ assign responsibility: phân công trách nhiệm (cho người khác) $\rightarrow$ **responsible** (adj.) /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ to s.o for s.th: chịu trách nhiệm trước ai đó cho việc gì đó $><$ $^{16}$ **irresponsible** (adj.) /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/: vô trách nhiệm --- **5. business** (n.) /ˈbɪznəs/: doanh nghiệp, việc kinh doanh - go out of business: phá sản - $^{17}$ **start** (up)/run a business: khởi nghiệp/ điều hành một doanh nghiệp - family business: doanh nghiệp gia đình - business trip: chuyến công tác $\rightarrow$ **businessperson** (n.) /ˈbɪznəspɜːsn/: doanh nhân $\rightarrow$ $^{18}$ **businesslike** (adj.) /ˈbɪznəslaɪk/: nghiêm túc, chuyên nghiệp **6. relevant** (adj.) /ˈreləvənt/: có liên quan $><$ $^{19}$ **irrelevant** (adj.) /ɪˈreləvənt/: không liên quan $\rightarrow$ **relevance** (n.) /ˈreləvəns/: sự liên quan - relevant experience/ qualifications: kinh nghiệm/ bằng cấp liên quan - to stay relevant: duy trì sự phù hợp/ không bị tụt hậu *You need to constantly learn new skills to stay relevant in today's changing job market.* **8. employ** (v.) /ɪmˈplɔɪ/: tuyển dụng = to $^{20}$ **recruit** /rɪˈkruːt/ - to employ a method: sử dụng phương pháp $\rightarrow$ **employment** (n.) /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/: việc làm, tình trạng có việc làm $><$ **unemployment** (n.) /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/: nạn thất nghiệp - unemployment rate: tỷ lệ thất nghiệp - unemployment $^{21}$ **benefit**: trợ cấp thất nghiệp - to live on the $^{22}$ **dole**: sống dựa vào tiền trợ cấp thất nghiệp $\rightarrow$ **employer** (n.) /ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)/: nhà tuyển dụng $\rightarrow$ **employee** (n.) /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/: nhân viên, người lao động $\rightarrow$ $^{23}$ **self-employed** (adj.): tự kinh doanh, tự làm chủ **9. vacancy** (n.) /ˈveɪkənsi/: vị trí công việc trống - job vacancies: các vị trí tuyển dụng, chỗ trống công việc - to fill a vacancy: lấp đầy chỗ trống (bằng cách tuyển người mới) $\rightarrow$ **vacant** (adj.) /ˈveɪkənt/: trống ~ unoccupied (adj.) /ˌʌnˈɒkjupaɪd/ - be left vacant: còn bỏ trống - Situations Vacant: $^{24}$ **mục tuyển dụng** **10. flexible** (adj.) /ˈfleksəbl/: linh hoạt/ linh động $><$ $^{25}$ **fixed** (adj.) /fɪkst/: cố định $><$ **inflexible** (adj.) /ɪnˈfleksəbl/ ~ rigid (adj.) /ˈrɪdʒɪd/: không linh hoạt, cứng nhắc $\rightarrow$ **flexibility** (n.) /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/: sự linh hoạt **12. demanding** (adj.) /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/: yêu cầu cao/ khắt khe $\rightarrow$ **demand** (v., n.) /dɪˈmɑːnd/: yêu cầu (của cá nhân) vs. $^{26}$ **require** (v.) /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/: yêu cầu (theo quy định) $\rightarrow$ **requirement** (n.) /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/: yêu cầu, điều kiện cần thiết - in high demand: được săn đón nhiều - to demand a pay rise: yêu cầu tăng lương **13. repetitive** (adj.) /rɪˈpetətɪv/: lặp đi lặp lại $\rightarrow$ **repetition** (n.) /ˌrepəˈtɪʃn/: sự lặp đi lặp lại $\rightarrow$ **repeat** (v.) /rɪˈpiːt/: lặp lại --- ### Task 1: Choose the best option: 1. The company was heavily fined because it failed to comply with standard safety **(C. regulations)**. 2. She works **(A. unsocial hours)**; sometimes she starts her shift at 4 AM, and other days she works late into the midnight. 3. If we help paint the house, it will be done quickly; as they say, "many **(D. hands)** make light work." 4. The hotel is looking for a new receptionist to fill a(n) **(B. vacancy)** left by a retiring staff member. 5. Due to the severe economic crisis, several local shops had to go out of **(C. business)** last month. 6. After graduating from university, she decided to apply **(D. for)** a marketing position at an international firm. 7. Software engineers are in high **(A. demand)** now, meaning they can easily find well-paid jobs. 8. The manager decided to **(B. allocate)** responsibility for the new marketing campaign to her assistant. 9. Many workers dislike their jobs because performing **(C. repetitive)** tasks all day is extremely boring. 10. Since the local factory closed down, hundreds of people have been **(B. out of work)** and are struggling to pay their bills. 11. You must constantly update your skills and knowledge if you want to stay **(D. relevant)** in today's fast-changing job market. 12. Instead of working a fixed 9-to-5 schedule, parents often prefer companies that allow them to work **(A. flexi-time)**. 13. The government provides financial support for those who lost their jobs, meaning they have to live on the **(B. dole)**. 14. When the director unexpectedly resigned, the deputy manager had to **(C. assume)** responsibility for running the whole department. 15. Teaching kindergarten is a highly **(A. demanding)** job that requires patience, energy, and care. 16. My older brother works as a **(D. casual)** worker at the farm during the summer harvest season. 17. As a team leader, you are directly responsible **(B. to)** the regional director for the success of this project. 18. The company provides excellent on-the-job **(C. training)**, ensuring that new staff learn practical skills while working. 19. You will face serious penalties or even lose your job if you continually **(A. violate)** the safety regulations of the construction site. 20. After twenty years of working for others, he finally saved enough money to start up his own **(D. business)**. --- ### Task 2. Supply the correct form of the words in parentheses. 1. It was highly **irresponsible** of him to leave the office unlocked after finishing his night shift. (RESPONSIBLE) 2. The interviewer asked me several personal questions that were completely **irrelevant** to the position. (RELEVANT) 3. Please ensure that your **application** form is completely filled out before submitting it to the HR department. (APPLY) 4. After the senior manager retired unexpectedly, his position was left **vacant** for nearly three months. (VACANCY) 5. My boss is a true **workaholic**; he even checks his emails and takes business calls on his holidays. (WORK) 6. You should adopt a more **businesslike** tone when replying to emails from our formal clients. (BUSINESS) 7. She decided to quit her previous job because her manager was too **inflexible** regarding working hours. (FLEXIBLE) 8. Government **regulators** are stepping in to ensure that all factories strictly comply with the new safety standards. (REGULATE) 9. The company is proud to announce a generous end-of-year bonus for all of its hard-working **employees**. (EMPLOY) 10. Learning a physical skill like typing or playing the piano requires a lot of patience and constant **repetition**. (REPEAT) --- ### Task 3. Complete the following passage by filling ONLY ONE WORD for each gap. During times of economic difficulty, the rate of (1) **unemployment** often rises significantly. Young people entering the (2) **workforce** find it increasingly hard to secure a stable job. When a company posts a job opening, they may receive hundreds of CVs from hopeful (3) **candidates**. To successfully get hired, your skills and qualifications must strictly match the job (4) **requirements**. Nowadays, many (5) **employers** expect their staff to be highly adaptable and professional. Once hired, you will have to take on various daily (6) **duties** and strictly (7) **comply** with company regulations. For some people, working a standard (8) **fixed** schedule from 9-to-5 in an office is ideal. However, others might have to deal with a much heavier (9) **workload**, which sometimes forces them to work on a night (10) **shift** to meet tight deadlines. --- ### Part B: Grammar #### Task 4. Match the clauses to form meaningful Compound Sentences 1. Job seekers must continuously upskill in this rapidly evolving digital landscape, **(D. or they will find themselves abruptly redundant in an automated job market.)** 2. The company offered an incredibly lucrative compensation package with flexible hours, **(A. yet many ambitious professionals still turned down the position due to the toxic work environment.)** 3. Remote workers often struggle to maintain a clear boundary between professional and personal life, **(C. so they must actively establish strict routines to avoid psychological burnout.)** 4. Fresh graduates should not only focus on building technical expertise for their resumes, **(E. and they ought to cultivate strong interpersonal skills to navigate workplace dynamics as well.)** 5. Corporate leaders must foster an inclusive and supportive organizational culture, **(B. for a high turnover rate is almost inevitable when employees feel undervalued and burnt out.)** --- #### Task 5. Match the clauses to form meaningful Complex Sentences 1. Although interviewees often feel extremely nervous before entering the room, **(D. they usually become more confident once the conversation starts.)** 2. Many young people prefer doing freelance Work **(A. because it allows them to choose their own working hours and locations.)** 3. If fresh graduates want to impress potential employers, **(B. they should dress professionally and arrive ten minutes early.)** 4. Employees should update their digital skills regularly **(C. so that they can adapt easily to new workplace technologies.)** 5. While senior managers were discussing the new project timeline, **(E. the administrative staff prepared the meeting room and documents.)** --- #### Task 6. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence 1. **(A. Since)** he always does well in Math, we weren't surprised that he got 10 points. 2. York Street has closed **(B. because)** it has been under repair. 3. My sister loves working as a tour guide, **(C. but)** she doesn't like working at weekends. 4. Mark wants to get a promotion next year, **(A. so)** he attends an evening English class. 5. **(B. Both)** Tom **(and)** his brother work at the local supermarket on Saturdays. 6. To apply for this job, you can send your CV **(C. either)** by email **(or)** by post. 7. Mary is **(A. both)** a talented chef **(and)** a hard-working manager at the restaurant. 8. Timmy washes his mouth with salt water **(B. so that)** he won't have a sore throat. 9. It is **(D. such)** an expensive restaurant that no one would ever come back. 10. Neither of them got the highest score **(D. though)** they had tried a lot. 11. The company offers a very competitive salary; **(C. however)**, the workload is often quite heavy. 12. A good CV should clearly highlight your key skills; **(B. furthermore)**, it must include your recent work experience. 13. Some people enjoy the stability of a 9-to-5 office job, **(D. whereas)** others prefer the flexibility of working from home. 14. He spent weeks researching the company's culture and values; **(D. consequently)**, he felt very confident during the job interview. 15. She has outstanding qualifications and a wealth of experience; **(B. therefore)**, she was selected for the executive position without hesitation. 16. The tech conglomerate invested billions of dollars into advanced AI research and cloud infrastructure development last quarter. They still failed to capture the majority share of the emerging global market. $\rightarrow$ **(B. Although the tech conglomerate invested billions of dollars into advanced AI research and cloud infrastructure development last quarter, they still failed to capture the majority share of the emerging global market.)** 17. The local government implements stricter zoning regulations and higher carbon taxes immediately. The coastal city will face irreversible economic and environmental damage due to rising sea levels by 2035. $\rightarrow$ **(A. Unless the local government implements stricter zoning regulations and higher carbon taxes immediately, the coastal city will face irreversible economic and environmental damage due to rising sea levels by 2035.)** 18. The pharmaceutical company conducted rigorous multi-phase clinical trials over five years. They could confidently submit the new oncology drug to the federal administration for final market approval. $\rightarrow$ **(C. The pharmaceutical company conducted rigorous multi-phase clinical trials over five years so that they could confidently submit the new oncology drug to the federal administration for final market approval.)** 19. Marine biologists discover a sudden drop in the population of microscopic phytoplankton. They can immediately predict the subsequent decline of larger predatory species higher up the marine food chain. $\rightarrow$ **(A. Whenever marine biologists discover a sudden drop in the population of microscopic phytoplankton, they can immediately predict the subsequent decline of larger predatory species higher up the marine food chain.)** 20. The central bank suddenly adjusted the national interest rates to curb the unexpected spike in inflation. Consumer spending on luxury goods and real estate investments experienced a sharp contraction. $\rightarrow$ **(B. As the central bank suddenly adjusted the national interest rates to curb the unexpected spike in inflation, consumer spending on luxury goods and real estate investments experienced a sharp contraction.)** --- #### Task 7. Choose the part that needs correcting in each sentence. 1. He is trying his best for the exam next week so **(C. as to not $\rightarrow$ so as not to)** take the course again. 2. People will never know the causes of dinosaurs' disappearance **(D. in spite of $\rightarrow$ although)** many fossils have been found. 3. The major tech corporation implemented strict remote-work policies to reduce office maintenance costs, **(A. otherwise $\rightarrow$ however)**, many senior software engineers expressed deep dissatisfaction and threatened to resign within the first week. 4. The research team spent months gathering data on climate patterns; **(A. instead $\rightarrow$ however)**, they discovered that the initial hypotheses were completely invalid due to a minor coding error in the software. 5. The global demand for electric vehicles has surged dramatically over the past year, **(B. therefore $\rightarrow$ so)** the local manufacturing plant is struggling to secure enough raw materials to maintain its weekly production target. --- #### Task 8. Read the following passage and choose the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks. The modern workplace is undergoing a profound transformation driven by technological advancements and shifting employee expectations. Today, many companies focus heavily (1) **(B. on)** fostering emotional intelligence and adaptability rather than just looking at technical skills. Remote and hybrid work models, which initially expanded as temporary solutions, have now become permanently embedded in corporate culture. Employees are (2) **(A. increasingly)** demanding flexible hours and a better work-life balance to avoid burnout. (3) **(B. Although)** remote work offers undeniable autonomy, it also blurs the boundaries between professional and personal life. Working from home can easily lead to overwork; (4) **(B. therefore)**, remote employees often find themselves checking emails late at night. To successfully (5) **(B. thrive)** in this evolving landscape, modern professionals must continuously upgrade their skills and learn how to set strict personal boundaries. --- #### Task 9. Rewrite the following sentences. 1. The corporate restructuring was so sudden that many senior executives decided to resign immediately. Such **was the suddenness of the corporate restructuring that many senior executives decided to resign** immediately. 2. As soon as the new CEO took office, she completely overhauled the company's traditional hierarchy. No sooner **had the new CEO taken office than she completely overhauled the company's** traditional hierarchy. 3. Employees are allowed to work from home only if they consistently meet their monthly performance targets. Provided **that employees consistently meet their monthly performance targets, they are allowed to work from home.** 4. Although Jonathan possessed exceptional technical expertise, he was passed over for the directorial promotion. Despite **possessing exceptional technical expertise, Jonathan was passed over for the** directorial promotion. 5. If the marketing team had not launched the campaign on time, the project would have failed. Had **the marketing team not launched the campaign on time, the project would have** failed. 6. Many modern professionals choose to become freelancers because they want to have more control over their schedules. With a view **to having more control over their schedules,** modern professionals choose to become freelancers. 7. You must never disclose these highly confidential corporate strategies to our competitors under any circumstances. Under no circumstances **must you disclose these highly confidential corporate strategies** to our competitors. 8. It is vital that the HR department addresses the growing workplace burnout immediately. It is high time **the HR department addressed the growing** workplace burnout. 9. The junior accountant was dismissed because he constantly neglected his core responsibilities. On account **of constantly neglecting his core responsibilities, the junior accountant** was dismissed. 10. Management strongly suggested that the employees should attend the annual conflict resolution seminar. Management insisted **that the employees should attend the annual conflict** resolution seminar.